Most people picture Alzheimer’s as a single condition that arrives one day, announced by a misplaced key or a forgotten name. Researchers describe something slower and more layered.
The National Institute on Aging explains that abnormal buildups of proteins form amyloid plaques and tau tangles, and that previously healthy neurons stop functioning, lose connections with other neurons, and die. None of that happens at once.
It unfolds across stages. Some are visible to families, and some show up only in research measurements. The distance between those two views is what a growing body of work is now trying to close.
The stages families notice, and the ones that come earlier
Families usually describe Alzheimer’s by what it does to daily life. A person forgets appointments, then struggles with familiar tasks, then needs help with basic care. Those descriptions are real and useful, and they shape how care gets planned.
They also begin partway through the story.
The National Institute on Aging notes that changes in the brain may begin a decade or more before symptoms appear. Researchers call that quiet period preclinical Alzheimer’s: the biology has started, but daily life has not changed yet. By the time a family notices the first signs, the biology may have been under way for years.
None of this makes the familiar descriptions wrong. The gap between the stages people observe and the stages unfolding quietly in the brain is what the newer research tries to describe.
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What researchers mean when they say biological stages
To talk about stages precisely, researchers keep two scales apart: the biology of the disease, and how a person is functioning. A 2024 paper in the journal Alzheimer’s & Dementia set out revised criteria for staging the condition, defining Alzheimer’s as a biological process that begins with the appearance of neuropathologic change. In plain terms, the first physical changes in the brain.
The biological stages carry the letters A, B, C and D. Stage A is defined by amyloid appearing in the brain. Stages B through D add the question of how far tau has spread, as seen on brain scans. Amyloid is the protein that forms plaques, and tau is the protein that forms tangles inside neurons.
Those letters describe biology and nothing else. They say nothing about how a person is coping, which is tracked on a separate clinical scale. The two do not always line up. Someone’s biology can be further along than their daily difficulties suggest, or the reverse, which is why a person’s stage depends entirely on which scale is being described.
Where blood samples fit into the picture
Blood samples matter here for a practical reason: they are far easier to collect than brain scans, and several of the proteins involved can now be measured in plasma, the liquid part of blood. The 2024 criteria sort these markers into two groups.
Core 1 markers, amyloid and early phosphorylated tau, change early and define the initial stage researchers can observe in a living person. Core 2 markers, later changing forms of tau, rise further along and track more closely with symptoms. They help describe how far the process has advanced, but they do not identify its initial presence.
The same paper states the limit plainly. Fluid biomarkers can establish stage A or higher, but they do not reliably distinguish stages A through D. The paper also recommends that a plasma assay reach at least 90 percent accuracy against amyloid imaging in the population where it would be used.
Refining those measurements is work spread across academic laboratories and companies. Taudia, a life science company in San Carlos, California, is one of the groups contributing to blood-based brain health research in neurodegeneration. The shared goal is measurements that behave the same way from one study to the next.
Why researchers want earlier and clearer staging
Scale is one reason the field keeps refining how it stages the disease. The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that 7.4 million Americans age 65 and older are living with Alzheimer’s in 2026, about 1 in 9 people in that age group.
Barring medical advances, the Association projects that number will reach 13.8 million by 2060. Nearly 13 million Americans provide unpaid care, and in 2025 those caregivers gave more than 19 billion hours of care valued at more than 446 billion dollars. Health and long term care costs are projected to reach 409 billion dollars in 2026.
Clearer biological staging would make studies easier to interpret. When a study compares people at similar biological points, researchers can track how markers shift before, alongside, or after changes in daily function. That is a design goal for research, not a change to anyone’s care today.
What this does not mean for any one person
These measurements describe groups of people in studies. A marker that tracks the disease across thousands of participants cannot tell one person what their own path will be, and the National Institute on Aging is clear that not everyone with these brain changes develops dementia.
Some people carry the changes and never develop the difficulties the disease is known for. Researchers are still working out why, which is part of why the field keeps its two staging scales separate. What is known about stages is a tool for studying the disease, not a forecast for anyone.
Questions readers often askHow many stages does Alzheimer’s have?
There is no single number. The 2024 criteria define biological stages A through D, based on amyloid and on how far tau has spread in the brain. Clinical stages, which describe how a person manages day to day, are kept separately. Which answer applies depends on which scale is meant.
Can researchers tell which stage someone is in from a blood sample?
No. The 2024 criteria report that fluid biomarkers can establish stage A or higher, but do not reliably distinguish stages A through D. Researchers can establish that the biological process has begun. The finer divisions between stages still depend on brain imaging.
Does an abnormal research measurement mean dementia is certain?
No. Not everyone with these brain changes develops dementia, according to the National Institute on Aging. Amyloid and tau can be present without the difficulties the disease is known for, and researchers are still working out why. A research measurement describes groups, not any one person.
